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§@ªÌ¡GJessica Pierce Ph.D. ½Ķ¡G©P¬ý§D


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¾¨ºÞ´CÅé¶}¸Û¥¬¤½³ø¾ÉªêÄHTaulequahªº´d¶Ë¡A¹ï©ó°Êª«´d¶Ë¤Î¨ä¥L±¡ºüªí²{©Ò²£¥ÍªºÃhºÃ½×¤´µM¦s¦b¡A§Y¨Ï¬O¬ì¾Ç®a¤]¤£¨Ò¥~¡C«Ü¦hÃö©ó´d¶Ë¦æ¬°¬ã¨sªº³ø¾É¡A±`·|¬°¡u´d¶Ë¡v¤G¦r¥[µù¤Þ¸¹¡AÂÇ¥H½×­z¹³Taulequah³o¼Ëªº°Êª«¥u¬O¬Ý°_¨Ó«Ü´d¶Ë¡CÁ|¨Ò¨Ó»¡¡A°Êª«¾Ç®aJules Howard¼Æ¤Ñ«e¦b½Ã³ø(The Guardian)¼g¨ì¡G¡u¦pªG§A­Ì¬Û«HJ35*¦b¦V¥@¬ÉÃÒ©ú¦oªº«s¶Ë©Î´dµh¡A¨º»ò§A­Ì´N¬O¥u¾ÌµÛ«H©À¦Ó¤£¬O¬ì¾Ç©ÒÀò±oªºµ²ªG¨Ó²z¸Ñ³o²{¶H¡C¡v§Ú¶V¨Ó¶V¨ü¤£¤F³o¼Ë¹ï«Ý°Êª«¨ü­Wªº¤è¦¡¤F¡C

*Ķµù¡GJ35¬O°ò©ó¬ã¨s¨¤«×µ¹³o°¦ªêÄHªº½s¸¹¡A¥»¤å§@ªÌ¤£¥H½s¸¹ºÙ©I¡A¦Ó¬O¥Î¦W¦rTaulequah¡CTaulequah¤§¦W¨Ó¦Û¬ü°ê¤@­ÓÄH³½³Õª«À]¡]The Whale Museum in Friday Harbor, Washington¡^©Ò±À°ÊªºÄH³½»{¾i­pµe¡C

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**Ķµù¡G¥»¤å§@ªÌJessica Pierce¯S§O¬°¤¤¤åŪªÌ¥H¸û²L©úªº¸Ü¨ÓÂç²M¦o©Ò«üªº¡u¤£°·±dªºÃhºÃ½×¡v»P¡u°·±dªºÃhºÃ½×¡v¤§§O¡C½Ð¨£¤å¥½ªº¸É¥R¡C

¹ï°Êª«´d¶Ë©ê«ùÃhºÃªÌ¥u¦b¤@¥ó¨Æ±¡¤W¬O¹ïªº¡G§Ú­Ì¹ï©ó¤HÃþ¥H¥~ªº°Êª«©Òªí²{¥X»P¦º¤`¦³Ãöªº¦æ¬°¡A¹³¬O«s¶Ë¡A¨Ã¤£¬O¥þ½L¤F¸Ñ¡C»P§Ú­Ì¦@¦s¦b¦a²y¤Wªº¨ä¥L¥Íª«¡A¹ï©ó¨e­Ì¦Û¨­©Î¬O¦P¦ñªº¦º¤`¨s³º·P¨ü¦h²`¡A§Ú­Ì¹ï¦¹¨ä¹ê©Òª¾¬Æ¤Ö¡CµM¦Ó¡A§Ú­Ì¤§©Ò¥HµLªk¤F¸Ñ¬O¦]¬°§Ú­Ì±q¥¼¥¿µø¹L¡C¬ì¾Ç®a­Ì¤´¥¼»{¯u¥¿µø©Ò¿×ªº¡u¤ñ¸û¥Í¦º¾Ç¡v¡]“comparative thanatology”¡^—¤]³\¬O¦]¬°¡u»{ª¾¦º¤`¡v¥i¥HÅý¤HÃþ¤@ª½ºû«ù¦³§O©ó¨ä¥L¥Íª«ªº¿W¯S¦a¦ì¡C

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°ÝÃD¸Ó°Ýªº¤£¬O¡u°Êª«À´±o´d¶Ë¶Ü¡H¡v¦Ó¬O¸Ó°Ý¡u°Êª«¦p¦ó¤Î¬°¦óªí¹F´d¶Ë¡H¡v¥O¤H³¶ÅDªº¬O¡A¨­¬°¤HÃþªº§Ú­Ì¡AÁÙ¦³«Ü¦h­n¥h¾Ç²ß¡A­n¤Þ»â·s¨¤«×¥h²z¸Ñ°Êª«¬O½Ö¡B¨e­Ìªº¥DÆ[¸gÅ笰¦ó¡B¥H¤Î¨e­Ì©Ò¾Ö¦³ªº¸gÅç»P¤HÃþ¤§¶¡ªº®t§O¬°¦ó¡C

´£¤Î±´¨sIJ°Ê±¡ºüªº­ì¦]¡A¹³¬O°Êª«´d¶Ë¡A©ê«ù¬Û·íµ{«×ªºÂÔ·VºA«×¬O«ê·í¤£¹Lªº—¦ý³o¤£¬O¦]¬°¹ï©ó°Êª«·P¨ü¡B¹ï©ó°Êª«´d¶Ë¡B¹ï©ó¤@­Ó¥À¿Ë¹ï©óµh¥¢À¦«Äªº«sµhµ¥²{¶H©ê«ù¦sºÃ¡C¡u¤p¤ß¨DÃÒ¡v¡]being careful¡^»P¡u¤Z¨ÆÃhºÃ¡v¡]being “skeptical”¡^¨âªÌ²¦³ºÁÙ¬O¦³·¥¤j¸¨®t¡A¨ä¤¤¡u¤Z¨ÆÃhºÃ¡vªÌ¥ÎÃhºÃ½×°µ¬°±À©ì¬Æ¦Ü¬Oªý¼¸°Ê«OªºÂǤf¡C

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¨­¬°¤@¦ì¥Íª«­Û²z¾Ç®a¡A§Ú¤w¬ã¨s¬ì¾Ç»P¹D¼w¤§¶¡ªº¬Û¤¬§@¥Î¶W¹L¤G¤Q¦~¡C¦b³o¬q´Á¶¡¡A§Ú°_ªì±aµÛ¦n©_¡A«á¨Ó³vº¥µÞ¥Íĵı¡A§Ú¤@ª½¿Ë²´¥Ø¸@¬ì¾Ç¼Æ¾Ú»P°Ê«O¦æ°Ê¤§¶¡¦p¦ó²£¥ÍÂE·¾¡A°Êª«±¡·P¡]feelings¡^¬ÛÃöªº¬ì¾Ç¼Æ¾Ú¡A¦p¦óÃø¥HÂà´«¬°¥Nªí°Êª«µoÁnªº¦æ°Ê¡C§Ú­Ì¬ì¾Ç®a¬O¥Ù¬ÞªºÂù­±¤H¡G§Ú­Ì¥H¬ì¾Ç¤§¦W©Ò»¡ªº¸Ü¥´Áy¤F§Ú­Ìªº¦æ¬°¡C§Ú­Ì¬ì¾Ç®a²`ª¾°Êª«¦³¦UºØ±¡ºü¡A¹³¬O®£Äß¡BµJ¼{¡B¼~Æ{¤Î´d¶Ë¡AµM¦Ó¡A·í°Êª««OÅ@¤H¤h¸ÕµÛ·Q§ïÅܨº¨Ç·|µ¹°Êª«±a¨Ó®£Äß¡BµJ¼{µ¥¡u­t­±±¡·Pª¬ºA¡v¡]“negative affective states”¡^ªº¬Fµ¦©Î¬O¤å¤Æ²ß«U®É¡A¡]¦bÅé¨î¤º®Ä³Òªº¡^¬ì¾ÇÃhºÃ½×ªÌ´N·|¸õ¥X¨Ó»¡¡G¡uµ¥µ¥¡A§Ú­ÌÁÙµLªk½T©w°Êª«­Ì¬O§_¥i¥H·P¨ü¨ì³o¨Ç¡C¡v³o¤]¬O¬°¤°»òªêÄH¶ý¶ýTaulequah©M¦oªº¡u´d¶Ë¡v¬G¨Æ¡A¨ä¹ê¥i¥H½Íªº¤£¶È©óTaulequah©M¦oªº¡u´d¶Ë¡v¦Ó¤w¡C¥Ñ©ó³o­Ó¬G¨Æ¸g¥Ñ´CÅé¼s¨ü¤Hª¾¡A³o¬O­Ó¾÷·|¨Ó¤jÁn©IÆ~ÃhºÃ½×ªÌ¶}©l¥h¸ÕµÛ¥H¨}µ½©M´L­«¨Ó¹ï«Ý¨ä¥L°Êª«¡C

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Jessica Pierce³Õ¤h¬O¥Íª«­Û²z¾ÇªÌ¡A¤]¬O¤@¦ì§@®a¡AµÛ¦³¡mÃdª«¹}¾i­Û²z¾Ç¡n(Run, Spot, Run: The Ethics of Keeping Pets, 2012)¡A¡m³Ì«á¤@µ{¡G¤Ï«ä§Ú­ÌªºÁ{²×Ãdª«¡n(The Last Walk: Reflections on Our Pets at the End of Their Lives, 2015)¡A¥H¤Î»P°¨§J·¨©¦Ò¤Ò¡]Marc Bekoff¡^¦XµÛªº¨â¥»®Ñ¡m³¥©Ê¥¿¸q¡G°Êª«ªº¹D¼w¥Í©R¡n(Wild Justice: The Moral Lives of Animals, 2009) »P¡m¦Û¥Ñ¡B·O´d»P¦@¦s©ó¤HÃþ¥D®_ªº®É¥N¡n(The Animals’ Agenda: Freedom, Compassion and Coexistence in the Age of Humans, 2017)¡C

­Ó¤Hºô¯¸All Dogs Go To Heaven¡Ghttps://jessicapierce.net/

­ì¤å¼ÐÃD¡GAn Unhealthy Skepticism About Animal Grief

­ì¤å¥X³B¡Ghttps://goo.gl/DCC5PB

½Ķ¸É¥R¡G¥»¤å§@ªÌJessica Pierce¯S§O¬°¤¤¤åŪªÌ¥H¸û²L©úªº¸Ü¨ÓÂç²M¦o©Ò«üªº¡u¤£°·±dªºÃhºÃ½×¡v»P¡u°·±dªºÃhºÃ½×¡v¤§§O¡G

Pierce»{¬°¡AJules Howard¹ï©ó°Êª«´d¶Ë«O«ùÃhºÃºA«×¡A«ÅºÙ³o´N¬O¦bªÃ«ù¬ì¾Çºë¯«°È¨Dºë½T»PÂÔ·V¡AµM¦Ó¡A¥L©Ò¥D±iªºÃhºÃ½×§Î¦¡¨Ã¨S¦³¯q³B¡C¥L©Ò¥D±iªºÃhºÃ½×¤£°·±d¤§³B¦b©ó¡G¡u¦]¬°§Ú­ÌµL±q±oª¾°Êª«­Ì¬O§_¦³±¡ºü·P¨ü¡A©Ò¥H§Ú­Ì´N°²³]¨e­Ì¨S¦³¡C¡v

°·±dªºÃhºÃ½×À³¸Ó¬O¡G¡u§Ú­Ìª¾¹D°Êª«¤]¦³±¡ºü·P¨ü¡A¥]¬A·í¨e­Ì©Ò·Rªº¦P¦ñ¦º¥h¡A¥ç·|·P¨ì¥¢¸¨©M´d¶Ë¡A¦]¬°§Ú­ÌµLªk¼ç¤J¨e­Ìªº¸£³U¡A©Ò¥H¥i¯à¥Ã»·¤£¥i¯à¥þ½L¤F¸Ñ¨e­Ì©Òª¾©Ò·P¬°¦ó¡A¦ý¬O§Ú­Ì¦³¥R¨¬ªº¬ì¾ÇÃÒ¾Ú¨Ó¦õÃҰʪ«ªº·P¨ü¦s¦b¡A¦Ó§Ú­ÌÀ³¸Ó±N¤HÃþ¸ÓªÓ­t°_ªº¹D¼w³d¥ô¡A«Ø¥ß¦b§Ú­Ì¤wª¾ªºÃÒ¾Ú¤W¡C¡v

Jules Howard claims that he is being scientifically accurate and cautious by being skeptical about animal grief, but his form of skepticism is unhealthy. His unhealthy skepticism: saying "we don't know whether animals have feelings, so let's assume that they don't."

Healthy skepticism: "we know that animals have feelings, including feelings of loss and distress when a loved one dies, and we should treat them as such. We may never fully understand what and how they feel, since we can't get inside their heads, but we have plenty of scientific evidence that animals feel and should ground our ethical responsibilities in what we know."

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